Georg Hoffmann
LSCE - Ormes des Merisiers

Les isotopes stables

Chapitre I: Introduction Paleo-climat 

Chapitre II: Interpretation des isotopes (18O) dans les foraminifères planctiques et benthiques

Chapitre III Les forages glaciaires et les changements abrupts du climat.

Chapitre IV Le changement de niveau du CO2 et des contraintes isotopiques (C13).

Chapitre V Qui mène qui dans le système du climat : les series isotopiques de Vostok.

Chapitre I: Introduction Paleo-climat

 
 

Geological Time Scale  Geological Time Scale 
Climate Spectrum Climate Spectrum 
CO2 Forcing over the last 100 Million Years CO2 Forcing over the last 100 Million Years 
The Earth 100 Million Years ago The Earth 100 Million Years ago
Explanation for Milankovitch I Explanation for Milankovitch I
Explanation for Milankovitch II Explanation for Milankovitch II 
Milankovitch Forcing Milankovitch Forcing

Literature:

1) Broecker, W.S., The Glacial World according to Wally, Eldigio Press, Palisades, New York 10964 USA, 1992.

2) Crowley, T.J., and G.R. North, Plaeoclimatology, Oxford University Press Inc., Oxford, 1991.

Chapitre II: Interpretation des isotopes (18O) dans les foraminifères planctiques et benthiques

a) Niveau de mer et la réponse isotopique
 
 

Emiliani's first benthic isotope record  Emiliani's first benthic isotope record 
 

Emiliani's tentative 40kyr interpretation  Emiliani's tentative 40kyr interpretation 
 

Scheme for the isotopic enrichment due to changing ice sheets  Scheme for the isotopic enrichment due to changing ice sheets 
 

Sea level reconstruction for the Eem  Sea level reconstruction for the Eem 
 

Scheme for continental restoring  Scheme for continental restoring 
 

Long benthic isotope serie  Long benthic isotope serie 
 

Spectral analysis of pleistocene marine series  Spectral analysis of pleistocene marine series 

b) Réconstructions des temperatures à la surface de l'ocean
 

Kipp and Imbrie's faunal temperature reconstruction  Kipp and Imbrie's faunal temperature reconstruction 
 

Isotope signals in the tropics for the LGM  Isotope signals in the tropics for the LGM 
 

Alkenone temperatures  Alkenone temperatures 
 

Sr/Ca temperatures  Sr/Ca temperatures 

c) Réconstruction de la salinité
 

18O-salinity relation  18O-salinity relation 
 

Isotopic temperatures versus measured temperatures  Isotopic temperatures versus measured temperatures 
 

Reconstructed salinity for the LGM  Reconstructed salinity for the LGM 
 

Stations for isotope measurements of surface waters  Stations for isotope measurements of surface waters 
 

The interpolated modern distribution of 18O at the ocean's surface  The interpolated modern distribution of 18O at the ocean's surface 

Literature:

1) Broecker, W.S., Oxygen Isotope Constraints on Surface Ocean Temperatures, Quaternary Research, 26, 121-134, 1986.

2) Duplessy, J.-C., L. Labeyrie, A. Juillet-Leclerc, F. Maitre, J. Duprat, and M. Sarnthein, Surface salinity reconstruction of the North Atlantic Ocean during the last glacial maximum, Oceanologica Acta, 14 (4), 311-324, 1991.

3) Emiliani, C., Pleistocene temperatures, Journal of Geology, 63, 538-578, 1955.

4) Imbrie, J., A. Berger, E.A. Boyle, S.C. Clemens, A. Duffy, W.R. Howard, G. Kukla, J. Kutzbach, D.G. Martinson, A. McIntyre, A.C. Mix, B. Molfino, J.J. Morley, L.C. Peterson, N.G. Pisias, W.L. Prell, M.E. Raymo, N.J. Shackleton, and J.R. Toggweiler, On the Structure and Origin of Major Glaciation Cycles 2. The 100.000-Year Cycle, Paleoceanography, 8, 699--735, 1993.

5) Schmidt, G.A., Oxygen-18 variations in a global ocean model, Geophysical Research Letters, 1997.
 

Chapitre III Les forages glaciaires et les changements abrupts du climat.

 

Different sites of ongoing projects of the LSCE  Different sites of ongoing projects of the LSCE 
 

Scheme of an ice sheet and the ideal drilling site  Scheme of an ice sheet and the ideal drilling site 
 

Drilling sites in Greenland and Antarctica  Drilling sites in Greenland and Antarctica site 
 

The isotopic thermometer for the Southpol area  The isotopic thermometer for the Southpol area 
 

The isotopic thermometer for Greenland  The isotopic thermometer for Greenland 
 

Scheme of the isotopic rainout (Rayleigh) model  Scheme of the isotopic rainout (Rayleigh) model 
 

The first 18O records from Camp Century and DYE3  The first 18O records from Camp Century and DYE3 
 

The detailed isotope record of the GRIP project and the Dansgaard/Oeschger events  The detailed isotope record of the GRIP project and the Dansgaard/Oeschger events 
 

North Atlantic drilling sites  North Atlantic drilling sites 
 

The oceanic record confirming the fast climate flickers from Greenland  The oceanic record confirming the fast climate flickers from Greenland 
 

The marine isotope record during the Heinrich events  The marine isotope record during the Heinrich events 
 

The southern Hemisphere equivalent of the Dansgaard/Oeschger events  The southern Hemisphere equivalent of the Dansgaard/Oeschger events 

Literature:

1) Blunier, T., J. Chappelaz, J. Schwander, A. Daellenbach, B. Stauffer, T.F. Stocker, D. Raynaud, J. Jouzel, H.B. Clausen, C.U. Hammer, and S.J. Johnsen, Asynchrony of Antarctic and Greenland climate change during the last glacial period, Nature, 394, 739-743, 1998.

2) Bond, G., W. Broecker, W. Johnsen, J. McManus, J. Labeyrie, J. Jouzel, and G. Bonani, Correlations between climate records from North Atlantic sediments and Greenland ice, Nature, 365, 143--146, 1993.

3) Bond, G.C., and R. Lotti, Iceberg Discharge into the North Atlantic on Millenial Time Scales During the Last Glaciation, Science, 267, 1005--1010, 1995.

4) Johnsen, S., H.B. Clausen, W. Dansgaard, N.S. Gundestrup, C.U. Hammer, U. Andersen, K.K. Andersen, C.S. Hvidberg, D. Dahl-Jensen, J.P. Steffensen, H. Shoji, A.E. Sveinbjornsdottir, J. White, J. Jouzel, and D. Fisher, The d18O record along the GRIP deep ice core and the problem of possible Eemian climatic instability, Journal of Geophysical Research, 102 (C12), 26,397-26,410, 1998.

5) Johnsen, S.J., W. W.Dansgaard, and J.W.C. White, The origin of Arctic precipitation under present and glacial conditions, Tellus Ser.B, 41, 452--468, 1989.

Chapitre IV Le changement de niveau du CO2 et des contraintes isotopiques (C13).

 

The 4 cycles of Vostok: CO2,18O of the ice (Temperature), Methan, 18O of atmospheric oxygen and insolation forcing  The 4 cycles of Vostok: C02,18O of the ice (Temperature), Methan, 18O of atmospheric oxygen and insolation forcing 
 

Observed and expected CO2 levels for the LGM  Observed and expected CO2 levels for the LGM 
 

The importance of marine biology for the CO2 riddle  The importance of marine biology for the CO2 riddle 
 

The influence of marine biology on the oceanic 13C gradient  The influence of marine biology on the oceanic 13C gradient 
 

Different hypothesis for low glacial CO2 levels and their impact on the atmospheric 13C  Different hypothesis for low glacial CO2 levels and their impact on the atmospheric 13C 

Literature:

1) Broecker, W.S., The Glacial World according to Wally, Eldigio Press, Palisades, New York 10964 USA, 1992.

Chapitre V Qui mène qui dans le système du climat : les series isotopiques de Vostok.

 

The 4 cycles of Vostok: CO2,18O of the ice (Temperature), Methan, 18O of atmospheric oxygen and insolation forcing  The 4 cycles of Vostok: C02,18O of the ice (Temperature), Methan, 18O of atmospheric oxygen and insolation forcing 
 

The oceanic 18O record (i.e. sea level) and the 18O of atmospheric oxygen for the last two cycles  The oceanic 18O record (i.e. sea level) and the 18O of atmospheric oxygen for the last two cycles 
 

The oceanic and the atmospheric 18O record and their tuning target for independent dating.  The oceanic and the atmospheric 18O record and their tuning target for independent dating.
 

The reconstructed 18O of ocean water (a), its comparison with sea level data (b), the imposed Dole effect (c), the reconstructed record of deep ocean temperatures (d), 18O of ice from Vostok (e), and CO2 from Vostok for the last 4 cycles (e).  The reconstructed 18O of ocean water (a), its comparison with sea level data (b), the imposed Dole effect (c), the reconstructed record of deep ocean temperatures (d), 18O of ice from Vostok (e), and CO2 from Vostok for the last 4 cycles (e). 

Literature:

1) Petit, J.R., J. Jouzel, D. Raynaud, N.I. Barkov, J.M. Barnola, I. Basile, M. Bender, J. Chappellaz, J. Davis, G. Delaygue, M. Delmotte, V.M. Kotlyakov, M. Legrand, V. Lipenkov, C. Lorius, L. Pépin, C. Ritz, E. Saltzman, and M. Stievenard, 420,000 Years of Climate and Atmospheric HistoryRevealed by the Vostok Deep Antarctic Ice Core ., Nature, 399, 429-436, 1999.

2)Shackleton, N.J., Oxygen isotopes, ice volume and sea level, Quat. Sci. Rev., 6, 183-190, 1987.

3) Shackleton, N.J., The 100,000-Year Ice-Age Cycle Identified and Found to Lag Temperature, Carbon Dioxide, and Orbital Eccentricity, Science, 289, 1897-1902, 2000.